{"id":4206,"date":"2017-08-29T16:21:16","date_gmt":"2017-08-29T13:21:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ekizfidancilik.com\/tr\/?p=4206"},"modified":"2017-08-30T12:41:34","modified_gmt":"2017-08-30T09:41:34","slug":"seftali-yetistiriciligi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ekizfidancilik.com\/tr\/seftali-yetistiriciligi","title":{"rendered":"\u015eeftali Yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi"},"content":{"rendered":"

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eeftali botanik ad\u0131na bak\u0131larak\u00a0ana vatan\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ran ve Kafkasya oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmekteydi. Fakat daha sonra yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u015feftalinin ana vatan\u0131n\u0131n Do\u011fu Asya ve \u00c7in oldu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015ftur. \u015eeftali \u00c7in den buhara ve Ke\u015fmir yoluyla \u0130ran\u2019a gelmi\u015f, Yunanl\u0131lar ve Romal\u0131lar M\u00d6 1000 y\u0131llar\u0131nda bu meyveyi tan\u0131m\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn Avrupan\u0131n \u0130ngiltere ve Kuzey memleketleri hari\u00e7 her taraf\u0131nda yeti\u015ftirilmektedir. \u00dclkemizde birka\u00e7 ilimiz hari\u00e7 di\u011fer illerimizde \u015feftali yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u015eeftali yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeler i\u00e7erisinde \u00fcretimin % 49 u ve a\u011fa\u00e7 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n % 41 ile Marmara B\u00f6lgesi ba\u015fta gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u015eEFTAL\u0130N\u0130N EKOLOJ\u0130K \u0130STEKLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130klim \u0130stekleri:<\/strong>\u015eeftali de\u011fi\u015fik iklim \u015fartlar\u0131na uyabilen meyve t\u00fcrlerinden biridir. Ekvatorun g\u00fcney ve kuzeyinde 25-45 enlem dereceleri aras\u0131nda yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi yap\u0131labilmektedir. \u015eeftali yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fini s\u0131n\u0131rlayan fakt\u00f6rlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck k\u0131\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fidin so\u011fuklama ihtiyac\u0131 ve ilkbahar ge\u00e7 donlar\u0131 ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yaz s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 gelmektedir. K\u0131\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n – 18oC ile -20 oCye d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerlerde g\u00f6zler ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler donar, – 25 oCde ise a\u011fa\u00e7lar donabilir. \u015eeftali \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin k\u0131\u015f so\u011fuklama istekleri 250 ile 1250 saat aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. \u00c7e\u015fitler k\u0131\u015f so\u011fuklama ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 amamlayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda a\u011fa\u00e7lar \u00e7i\u00e7ek tomurcuklar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7i\u00e7eklerini silker, ilkbaharda \u00e7i\u00e7eklenme gecikir ve d\u00fczensiz olur. \u015eeftali erken \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u00e7an meyve t\u00fcrlerinden biridir.\u00c7i\u00e7ekler a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra meydana gelen ilkbahar ge\u00e7donlar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok zarar g\u00f6r\u00fcrler. Yaz s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu yerlerde meyvelerin olgunla\u015fmas\u0131 gecikir ve meyve kalitesi d\u00fc\u015fer. \u00dclkemizde<\/p>\n

\u015feftali yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde yaz s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden bir problem yoktur.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Toprak \u0130ste\u011fi<\/strong>:\u00a0\u015eeftali i\u00e7in toprak iste\u011fi s\u00f6z konusu olunca \u00fczerine a\u015f\u0131l\u0131 anac\u0131n iste\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u015eeftali \u015feftali anac\u0131 \u00fczerinde s\u00fczek, kumlu, killi, t\u0131nl\u0131, milli, \u00e7ak\u0131ll\u0131 ve \u00e7abuk \u0131s\u0131nan al\u00fcviyal topraklar\u0131 sever.Toprak pHs\u0131 6-7 aras\u0131nda olmas\u0131 gerekir.Kumlu topraklarda yeterli\u00a0sulama ve iyi g\u00fcbreleme ile \u015feftali yeti\u015ftirilebilir. A\u011f\u0131r, nemli ve so\u011fuk olan killi topraklarda yeti\u015fen a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n s\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri iyi pi\u015fkinle\u015femedi\u011finden k\u0131\u015f so\u011fuklar\u0131ndan zarar g\u00f6rerek a\u011fa\u00e7larda zamklanma ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u015eEFTAL\u0130 ANA\u00c7LARI<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eeftali Ana\u00e7lar\u0131:\u00a0<\/strong>\u015eeftali ana\u00e7lar\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00e7e\u015fitleri ile iyi uyu\u015fur. Kaliteli ve bol \u00fcr\u00fcn verirler. \u00d6nceleri ABD de a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n az ve yeknesak \u00e7\u00f6\u011f\u00fcr vermeleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Lowel ve Elberte \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin tohumu kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7e\u015fitler nematoda dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha sonralar\u0131 yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonucu nematoda dayan\u0131kl\u0131 Nemaguard anac\u0131 bulunmu\u015f ve bu ana\u00e7 kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Erik Ana\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong>A\u011f\u0131r ve taban suyu seviyesi y\u00fcksek b\u00f6lgelerde \u015feftaliye ana\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. St. Julien A,Myrobolan ve Brompton klonal erik ana\u00e7lar\u0131 kire\u00e7li topraklara da nispeten uyum sa\u011flamalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u00e7e\u015fitlerle uyu\u015fma problemlerine rastlanmaktad\u0131r.St. Julien GF 655-2 ve Damas 1969 erik klon ana\u00e7lar\u0131 \u015feftalilere ana\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131lmakta ve kirece de k\u0131smen mukavemet g\u00f6stermektedirler.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Badem Ana\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong>Kire\u00e7li topraklarda \u015feftaliye ana\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. A\u011fa\u00e7lar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve k\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olurlar. Ana\u00e7 kalem uyu\u015fmas\u0131 genellikle iyi de\u011fildir. GF 577 ve GF 677 klon ana\u00e7lar\u0131 kire\u00e7lili\u011fi % 12nin \u00fczerindeki topraklarda iyi netice vermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Kay\u0131s\u0131 Ana\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong>:Kurak b\u00f6lgelere ve nematoda dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olmas\u0131 sebebiyle \u015feftaliye ana\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Fransada Abricotier A 843 tohum anac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

BAH\u00c7E TES\u0130S\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eeftali t\u00fcm geli\u015fimini k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede tamamlayan ve erken meyveye yatan bir bitkidir.\u0130yi bak\u0131ma kolay cevap verir.Topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n iyi i\u015flenip, haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gerekir. \u015eeftali bah\u00e7elerinin dikimden \u00f6nce derin ve y\u00fczeysel s\u00fcr\u00fclerek haz\u0131rlanmalar\u0131 gerekir. Son s\u00fcr\u00fcmle beraber dekara 1-2 ton yanm\u0131\u015f \u00e7iftlik g\u00fcbresi verilmesi en uygunudur.A\u015f\u0131 b\u00f6lgesi, toprak y\u00fczeyinden 5-10 cm. yukarda kalacak \u015fekilde ve durgun d\u00f6nemde fidan dikimi yap\u0131l\u0131r. Dikim aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde; iklim,topra\u011f\u0131n kuvveti, ana\u00e7, \u00e7e\u015fidin b\u00fcy\u00fcme g\u00fcc\u00fc gibi fakt\u00f6rler dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kuvvetli toprak ve iyi bak\u0131m \u015fartlar\u0131nda aral\u0131k daha geni\u015f tutulur. Genel itibarla dikim aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 5×5 m. verilmekte ise de, belirtilen fakt\u00f6rler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n belirlenmesi en uygun olan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00dcBRELEME<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eeftali a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00e7abuk geli\u015fen ve \u00e7ok verimli a\u011fa\u00e7lard\u0131r.\u00c7abuk geli\u015fme ve y\u00fcksek verimde verimde iyi bir beslenmeyi gerektirir.Aksi halde a\u011fa\u00e7larda geli\u015fme yava\u015flar ve durur. Bu bah\u00e7elerde;\u00e7iftlik g\u00fcbresi ve ye\u015fil g\u00fcbrelerle birlikte ticari g\u00fcbrelerde kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcbreleme oran\u0131;a\u011fac\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131, verim durumu, topraktaki besin maddeleri miktar\u0131 ve ekoloji ile yak\u0131ndan ilgilidir. Bu nedenle yap\u0131lacak yaprak ve toprak analizleri do\u011frultusunda kimyasal g\u00fcbreleme yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde en ekonomik ve en uygun g\u00fcbreleme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. G\u00fcbrelemenin a\u011fa\u00e7taki ve \u00fcr\u00fcndeki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131,budama ve meyve seyreltmesinin iyi olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Genel olarak, 2-3 y\u0131lda bir dekara 1-2 ton yanm\u0131\u015f \u00e7iftlik g\u00fcbresi uygulamas\u0131 idealdir. Verilemedi\u011fi zamanlarda da uygun bir ye\u015fil g\u00fcbre bitkisi ekilerek, topra\u011fa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

D\u00d6LLENME F\u0130ZYOLOJ\u0130S\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eeftali t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn autogam ve diploid b\u00fcnyeye sahip olmas\u0131 nedeniyle (J. H. Hale gibi \u00e7i\u00e7ek tozu morfolojik k\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunan \u00e7e\u015fitler hari\u00e7) kendine verimlidir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u015eEFTAL\u0130LERDE BUDAMA<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eeftali a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 di\u011fer meyve a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha fazla budama ister. Bunun nedeni meyvelerin bir ya\u015fl\u0131 dallarda olu\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Her y\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcn al\u0131nabilmesi i\u00e7in y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin her y\u0131l yeterli miktarda olmas\u0131 gerekir. \u0130yi bir budama ve g\u00fcbreleme ile a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n verimlili\u011fi ve uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r. Genellikle \u015feftalilerde \u015fekil budamas\u0131 olarak goble \u015fekli uygulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

MEYVE SEYRELTMESI<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eeftali a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131nda iki tip\u00a0seyrelme metodu uygulan\u0131r.Kimyasal seyreltme: 150 ppmlik GA Temmuz, A\u011fustos aylar\u0131nda uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Elle Seyreltme :\u00a0En iyi uygulanan metottur. Meyve \u00e7ekirde\u011fi sertle\u015fmeden yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Seyreltme 15-20 cmde bir meyve ve her meyveye 40-60 yaprak d\u00fc\u015fecek \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

HASAT<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eeftali meyvelerinde olgunluk belirtisi olarak genellikle zemin ve \u00fcst renk te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fc ile meyve eti sertli\u011fi kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Olgunla\u015fma esnas\u0131nda zemin ve \u00fcst renkte de\u011fi\u015fme, meyve etinde de yumu\u015fama olur. Meyveler avu\u00e7 i\u00e7ersine al\u0131n\u0131p sa\u011fa sola \u00e7evrilerek kopar\u0131l\u0131r. Uzak pazarlara g\u00f6nderilecek veya so\u011fuk hava deposunda muhafaza edilecek meyveler tam olgunluklar\u0131ndan 24-48 saat \u00f6nce hasat edilirler.A\u011fa\u00e7taki meyvelerin tamam\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda olgunla\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan meyveler, hava s\u0131cakl\u0131k durumlar\u0131na g\u00f6re 2-4 g\u00fcn ara ile 3-5 defada toplan\u0131r. Toplanan meyveler ambalaj kaplar\u0131na yukar\u0131dan bo\u015falt\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eeftali meyveleri so\u011fuk hava depolar\u0131nda %85-90 nisbi nemde -05-0 oC 2-4 hafta ile muhafaza edilebilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

E\u011firdir Bah\u00e7e K\u00fclt\u00fcrleri Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc
\nKadir G\u00dcVEN Ziraat M\u00fch. \/ \u0130brahim G\u00dcR Ziraat M\u00fch.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4207,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4206","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zirai-yetistirici"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ekizfidancilik.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4206","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ekizfidancilik.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ekizfidancilik.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ekizfidancilik.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ekizfidancilik.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4206"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/ekizfidancilik.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4206\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4564,"href":"https:\/\/ekizfidancilik.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4206\/revisions\/4564"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ekizfidancilik.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4207"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ekizfidancilik.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4206"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ekizfidancilik.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4206"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ekizfidancilik.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4206"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}